Sentence examples for externalities by from inspiring English sources

The most rigorous study of these "externalities," by the economists Ian Parry and Kenneth Small, suggests that a tax that took them into account would come to $1.01 for every gallon of gas.

There may be some positive spillover for society as a whole from having this privately owned human capital produced, and these effects (called externalities by economists) might warrant some public subsidies toward the production of that human capital.

Federations can facilitate some objectives of sovereign states, such as credible commitments,certain kinds of coordination, and control over externalities, by transferring some powers to a common body.

In this paper we explore the potential for wider benefits from openness in innovation and argue that openness may itself generate positive externalities by enabling improved knowledge diffusion.

For chemiresistor-type sensors, sensing materials show response to externalities by the change of conductivity, that is the variation of concentration of hole or electron carriers.

This paper investigates the public׳s sensitivities towards these externalities by using discrete choice experiments and shows how preferences differ across inhabitants of our study region.

Mitigation aims (at least partially) to neutralize this externality by imposing a cost to these emissions.

Virginia's Pine Bark Beetle Prevention Program attempts to correct this externality by reimbursing a portion of PCT costs.

Volunteers are considered those who do not internalize the externality by compensation from outside, but by bearing the opportunity cost by themselves at the social optimal point.

The first policy relates to the correction for the externality by setting a CO2 price at a level equal to the social cost of the associated CO2 emissions.

Congestion is considered a negative externality by economists.