Alongside him, Cristiano Ronaldo was calling for the ball and when he did not get it the response from the Portuguese was as furious, his anger externalised for all to see.
Using data from the population-based Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study with a large study sample (N > 22,500), Stene-Larsen et al. [ 56] reported a significantly increased risk for externalising problems for 18-month-old children whose mother smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day (OR = 1.32, 95 % CI: 1.03 1.70) but not for those who smoked less.
"We cannot externalise responsibility for standards of care to government, politicians or regulators or anybody else," he said.
"Young men tend to externalise pressure – for instance by being angry or violent – while young women are more likely to internalise their feelings, and take them out on themselves, for example by cutting or through eating disorders".
The ITSEA has established concurrent validity, strong test-retest reliability (α = .75-.91 .75-.91od internandreliability for each subscale (α = .86 for dysregoodtinternal .87 foreliabilitysing, α = .85 for inteachlisubscaled α = .86 for competence) [ 49, 51 ].
Of note, higher positive attributes scores were more likely to predict reduced risk for externalising disorders than for emotional disorders.
It is better to think instead of three main groupings of disorders: internalising (most commonly, depression and anxiety); externalising (addiction, for instance, or anti-social behaviour problems); and psychosis (with its characteristic symptoms often bracketed under the label of schizophrenia).
However, QoL showed a stronger association with internalising than externalising pathology for the self-report.
Subsequent studies have shown similar moderating influences between harsh discipline and externalising problems for children with high levels of fear (Colder, Lochman, & Wells, 1997).
Teachers and parents also assessed ADHD symptoms and other externalising problems for each visit using the Day Profile of ADHD Symptoms (DAYAS) [ 7].
