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A considerable body of research focuses on how light exposure affects endogenous melatonin secretion and the potential efficacy of supplemental melatonin as a means to entrain the circadian rhythm and overcome the lack of light variation to maintain the external zeitgeber.
Here, the authors find the phase of embryonic liver cultures to be determined by cull/culture time, while the phase of PER2::LUC rhythms in maternal liver is determined by external Zeitgeber time.
Alternatively, an external Zeitgeber such as temperature shifts, noise, or changing levels of CO2 between day and night could induce the circadian changes in the lamina under LL conditions.
Rhythmicity in the SCN is entrained by external Zeitgeber (time-giver) cues, such as daily changes in light intensity [ 1].
The diurnal change of darkness and light is known to synchronize the periods of activity and sleep, and changes in the external zeitgeber seriously affects the ability to sleep, as everyone who has experienced jet lag will agree.
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The increased circadian amplitude in the rest-activity rhythm of healthy subjects could also be explained by the increased entrainment to external Zeitgebers, most likely by the maintenance of robust social and biological Zeitgebers that are essential for life [ 30].
Tarling and Cuzin-Roudy [ 28], however, discussing the possibility of the influence of external factors, excluded external Zeitgebers (factors influencing timing) from the factors responsible for synchronized molting in krill.
An important property of circadian clocks is the ability to become entrained to external stimuli ("zeitgeber"), e.g., to daily cycles of light and temperature.
However, we observed individual nematodes entrained at different phases with respect to the zeitgeber (external time cue); to deal with this problem we conducted population studies described with average plots and phase and frequency histograms.
The fact that the bees did not show free-running rhythms in the prevailing continuous daylight conditions indicates that some external cue, or Zeitgeber, must have entrained the molecular clock of the bees in the field, the most prominent cue being natural cycles in light intensity and associated temperature fluctuations.
[1] From Circadian rhythm "...they are adjusted (entrained) to the local environment by external cues called zeitgebers, commonly the most important of which is daylight".
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