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Here, an external voltage difference between the two electrodes is given by V t)=ϕ(−a)−ϕ(a)=V rf cos(ω rf t).
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(Left) the electrostatic (ES) model using the external rf voltage difference, V t)=V rf cos(ω rf t), and (Right) the electromagnetic (EM) model using the external rf current density, j y (±a)=±j rf sin(ω rf t).
For an acceleration applied to the proof mass, resistance change caused by beam deformation (Fig. 1a) is measured as voltage difference using external circuits.
The redox current through the layer is dependent on external parameters such as the applied voltage difference between the two electrode arrays or the temperature.
The horizontal electrooculogram (HEOG), recorded as the voltage difference between electrodes placed lateral to the external canthi, was used to measure horizontal eye movements.
The horizontal electro-oculogram, which records the voltage difference between electrodes placed lateral to the external canthi, was used to measure horizontal eye movements.
The separations are based on differences in the effective electrophoretic mobility of the analytes in the separation medium, when an external voltage is applied.
Decreasing the step size decreases the voltage difference.
In a light detector, an external voltage is applied to the silicon.
But every battery needs two electrodes – a high voltage cathode and a low voltage anode – in order to create the voltage difference that produces electricity.
Optionally, an external voltage can be applied across the sheets.
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