(Full disclosure: I, along with a half dozen other scientists, served on an external science advisory panel as the project plans were developed. I received no compensation, and was not involved in the collection of data or its analysis and interpretation).
Such suggestions were taken up as providing an opportunity for a new kind of study of science, showing how social and political factors external to science influence the outcome of scientific debates.
Three monitoring strategies were implemented: external expert, science practitioner, and community monitoring staff.
Secondly, Kuhn's rejection of rules as determining scientific outcomes appeared to permit appeal to other factors, external to science, in explaining why a scientific revolution took the course that it did.
Thanks to the Indian government's push for internationalization and India's transition from an inward-gazing scientific culture to one increasingly characterized by external engagement, science institutes and universities in India are hosting foreign scientists in stable, long-term posts more frequently than ever before.
But the earlier texts focus more on a problem that is external to the sciences.
External history of science seeks causes of scientific change in social, political, religious and other developments of science.
This is a standard modus operandi of pseudoscience: it adopts the external trappings of science, but without the substance.
We still look to architecture to embody some ideal of external authority: history, science, nature and religion, to name a few.
Do you think we are seeing a change in the role of the scientist from disinterested producer of knowledge, to one that by necessity also includes public advocacy (we see this in particular in response to external attacks on science by the politically and financially motivated).
