Traffic-choked roads and overcrowded schools are wrongly seen as external problems for residents to deal with after the developers have moved on to the next project.
Her tone stiffened when she spotted groups of local Communist Party officials wearing hard hats walking through the wreckage to offer residents external repairs.
Another rural cohort study in a similar setting in South Africa reported higher mortality for external migrants than residents in communities with circular labor migrants (12).
Crude mortality rates were stratified by gender and ART periods, and were higher for external migrants than residents before and during ART scale-up (RR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.16 1.63 and RR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.13 1.64, respectively).
This study expands the understanding on perceived effectiveness of external factors that influence residents' waste separation behaviour.
Our research into how residents use external spaces near their homes reveals that where children play out for longer, independently, there is more social use by the rest of the community.
Furthermore, Bauböck (2006, p. 2396; 2010, pp. 848 849) uses the term rather broadly, to qualify both long-term residents and external co-ethnic communities.
The level of rigidities of external agents (namely, local residents and firms) in modifying the rate of allowed immigrants in the city (specific for each municipality) is captured by the constant parameter γ (>0)10, which reflects a marginal, increasing, and convex disutility cost in the rate at which the change in the number of allowed immigrants takes place.
After widespread availability of ART, mortality was comparable for residents and external migrants (RR=1.14, 95% CI: 0.92 1.40).
Findings from this study are therefore likely to have sound external validity for English residents in middle and older age.
