In this manner, evolutionary fluidity becomes one means by which cells can solve homeostatic problems that relate to any current agitating external milieu.
Calcium-binding RTX proteins are equipped with C-terminal secretion signals and translocate from the Ca2+-depleted cytosol of Gram-negative bacteria directly into the Ca2+-rich external milieu, passing through the "channel-tunnel" ducts of type I secretion systems (T1SSs).
It has been shown that bacteria use flagella to sense their external milieu [19].
Photodamage of liposomes was recorded by the increase of dye fluorescence in the external milieu after illumination.
The colonic epithelium forms a continuous physical and functional barrier that protects the internal environment of the body from the fluctuating external milieu.
In this study we characterized the dynamics of the reactive oxygen species superoxide anion radical (O2−) in the external milieu of the coral Stylophora pistillata.
Thus, membrane-bound LTA serves as a reservoir for protein-bound LTA on the surface and for LTA released into the external milieu.
Consequently the emphasis of the present study was placed on measuring superoxide production and anti-oxidant activity in the immediate surroundings of the coral; its external milieu.
Overall, these results, coupled with those illustrated in the previous sections, indicated that β-glucan antigenic motifs bound by the two mAbs are expressed in the cell wall and at cell surface, and are secreted into the external milieu.
Our study places a strong emphasis on developing quantitative methods for obtaining O2− production and detoxification rates in the external milieu of the coral Stylophora pistillata and cultured Symbiodinium under non-stress conditions.
