When it further can be concluded that the scale is meaningful (based on item analysis and association with external measures to assess its validity), and the assumption of measurement invariance across different subpopulations is tenable (Lubke et al. 2004), the approach effectively deals with non-normal distributions of sum scores in for instance psychopathology (Van den Oord et al. 2003).
Furthermore, range of motion measurements often reflect physical impairment or functional mobility in which case external measures of the ROM are more directly applicable.
But it can't end with these external measures.
One example is the influence of external measures of research quality.
"What shareholders want is transparent external measures of how we're doing against the competition.
In "External Measures" a computer-driven projector programmed by Ms. Utterback responds to the viewer's presence and movements with jumpy, constantly morphing abstract graphics; it's a promising idea but wants more optical intensity.
Although the highly acclaimed program is over a decade old, there are as yet no external measures of the understanding that pupils gain -- a strange lapse for dissident educators challenging state standards.
If swing voters were driven chiefly by candidates' biographies, political analysts trying to predict election outcomes wouldn't dwell so much on external measures like unemployment figures and right-track, wrong-track numbers.
It is a shame that the school must instead answer to punitive, external measures that stand to dangerously drive drug use underground and divest students of the lesson of responsible autonomy.
But the study does show that the longer a young man conceals his sexual orientation, the more heavily he invests in external measures of success, potentially leading to undue stress and social isolation.
It called on the pope to "endorse and facilitate certain external measures that would increase transparency and advance justice," including posting all abuse cases handled by the Vatican on the Vatican Web site and ordering "his bishops to cooperate fully with secular investigations, not oppose them".
