Under such external transmission rates, is the spread of FIV within already infected populations affected by external infections or is external infection only important for the long-term persistence of the virus?
R is a proxy of the impact of external infections on FIV transmission in already infected populations.
In contrast, in the lower right corner of the confidence region R is around 2.5, which means that frequent external infections greatly increase FIV prevalence even in already infected populations.
Thus, external infections are an important component of FIV transmission, even within already infected populations.
To sum up, the fact that no spatial correlation in FIV prevalence is observed may simply be due to the fact that external infections are relatively rare and thus play almost no role for disease prevalence in already infected populations.
We had previously hypothesized that coevolution with external pathogens infecting the germline could underlie the elevated nonsynonymous divergence in bam and bgcn along the D. melanogaster and D. simulans lineages (Bauer DuMont et al. 2007).
Consequently, LS-infected cells can be categorized into three populations: (i) infected host cells that undergo apoptosis without additional external stimuli, (ii) infected host cells that resist apoptosis even in the presence of potent external stimuli such as Fas activation, and (iii) infected host cells whose apoptotic state can be tipped from survival to death with external stimuli.
They may also be exposed to beekeeper-applied pesticides commonly used in-hive to control Varroa destructor mites, serious external parasites that infect honey bee brood.
The potential for the use of market-based mechanisms (taxes) to correct the external costs that infected individuals impose on society in the course of an epidemic has already been demonstrated in simulation models (Goldman and Lightwood 2002; Gersovitz and Hammer 2004, 2005).
MEG protein products and transcripts were also found to be associated with glands and epithelia exposed to the external environment in stages infecting the definitive host (DeMarco et al. 2010; Li et al. 2013).
