Leopold von Ranke emphasized the primacy of geography and external threats in shaping foreign policy, but later writers emphasized domestic factors.
Signal robustness against external influences (e.g., geography, buildings) is significantly improved with DVB-T2 specification.
In natural experiments, some external peculiarity, natural disaster, geography, or organizational irregularity assigns different people to different treatments or conditions.
If individuals' preferences vary systematically by territory according to external or internal parameters such as geography or shared tastes and values, federal or decentralized arrangements that allow local variation may be well suited for several reasons.
Its ability to insulate itself from external shocks stems partly from history and geography.
And the Green Line that divides them, in geography and in mind, would become an external border of the European Union, eventually subject to the union's immigration and customs controls.
And while Verizon's Azare wont comment about her companys legal bills, she does note that it has even more costs: Engineers who advise about each town's geography and fiber-build schedule, media relations and external affairs.
The latter allows incorporating into biogeographic inference estimates of the divergence time between lineages (usually based on DNA sequences) and external sources of evidence, such as information on past climate and geography, the organism fossil record, or its ecological tolerance.
Tackling these shortcomings, the paper discusses knowledge spillovers in light of recent debates in economic geography on knowledge-generating mechanisms through networks, communities of practice, and the integration of external knowledge into the innovation activities of companies.
They do so in exotic landscapes and settings that emphasize the confrontation with danger as external and frequently unknowable; political violence is presented as something that has both simple and very complicated geographies.
