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This finding indicates that a S. pyogenes strain can become telithromycin resistant, without acquiring external genetic material.
While advantageous in minimizing the potential for uptake of external genetic material (for example, viral DNA), these barriers make it more difficult to use gene-based therapies in the lung.
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All of the contigs were mapped on the reference genome without gap or macro-scale genome rearrangements, indicating no external genetic materials were acquired (Supplementary Fig. S1).
Analysis of short-read sequencing reads on the reference genome is limited in its ability to detect the acquisition of external genetic materials or lateral/horizontal gene transfers, because sequencing reads of the acquired genes are simply discarded due to the reference-guided read mapping.
This arrangement allows cells to interact directly and dynamically with the external environment while retaining their genetic material in a protective keep.
Although the pangenome of the genus Listeria is not closed, there seems to be very limited on-going introduction of new genetic material from external gene pools (i.e., other genera).
Unlike lineage I, lineage II represents a genetically heterogeneous population with a relatively high proportion (30% average) of genetic material imported from external sources.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells possess a complex internal structure, including protein networks, genetic material, internal and external membranes and organelles.
Statistical analyses are limited by the available data, and data is limited by external restraints such as financial support, limited patient availability, genetic material, and even ethical restrictions.
DNA is a genetic material and present inside a nucleus of the cell, therefore external and internal factors would not be able to affect them easily.
The specific differences observed take place even in the absence of any viral genetic material in the PBMCs, which suggests that these circulating cells are responding to an external signal.
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