"Having exhausted many traditional cost-reduction tactics including layoffs, plant closings and benefit reductions, many are beginning to attack external expenditures in areas like IT/telecom, marketing, logistics, professional services and travel – as the next generation of cost savings," said Carl Guarino, chief executive of procurement services provider ICG Commerce, in an email to Forbes.
All local authorities have been obliged to publish all items of external expenditure over £500 since 1 January 2011 and Eric Pickles, the communities and local government secretary has consistently expressed the view that this will increase accountability and drive down spending.
Thirdly, institutionalize national health accounts to monitor the proportion of total government expenditure allocated to the health sector, household out-of-pocket spending on health as a percentage of total private health expenditure, and trends of external (donor) expenditure on health [ 33].
As suggested in the section on external accountability, targets, expenditure categories, and budgets that are determined at the county, provincial or national level may pose a barrier to the functioning of external accountability approaches [ 24, 26, 28, 29, 32].
An overview of the data on private investment, public expenditures and external assistance to agriculture in developing countries shows that the sector receives less investment and support in the very countries where hunger and poverty are widespread.
The recent economic crisis forced these institutions to reduce expenditure on external assignments.
It requires no medication, expenditure or external gratification.
A more precise term than 'self-assembly' has been coined by Franklin Harold [ 51] as 'self-construction', which does imply the expenditure of external energy.
Our findings also show that a higher share of expenditure from external sources generally improved the efficiency of HIV/AIDS programs.
There are question modules on demographics, education, training, employment, values and opinions, politics, the environment, finances, receipt of benefits, external transfers and household expenditure.
For countries with mid-level efforts in "control of corruption" (value is 0), a notable increase in the external share of health expenditure (from 1.0%to5.5.5%) would result in a 13.5% increase of efficiency.
