"Having exhausted many traditional cost-reduction tactics including layoffs, plant closings and benefit reductions, many are beginning to attack external expenditures in areas like IT/telecom, marketing, logistics, professional services and travel – as the next generation of cost savings," said Carl Guarino, chief executive of procurement services provider ICG Commerce, in an email to Forbes.
As suggested in the section on external accountability, targets, expenditure categories, and budgets that are determined at the county, provincial or national level may pose a barrier to the functioning of external accountability approaches [ 24, 26, 28, 29, 32].
Importantly, it can monitor government expenditures for health research, and expenditures from external funding partners [ 6].
The recent economic crisis forced these institutions to reduce expenditure on external assignments.
It requires no medication, expenditure or external gratification.
A more precise term than 'self-assembly' has been coined by Franklin Harold [ 51] as 'self-construction', which does imply the expenditure of external energy.
Our findings also show that a higher share of expenditure from external sources generally improved the efficiency of HIV/AIDS programs.
There are question modules on demographics, education, training, employment, values and opinions, politics, the environment, finances, receipt of benefits, external transfers and household expenditure.
For countries with mid-level efforts in "control of corruption" (value is 0), a notable increase in the external share of health expenditure (from 1.0%to5.5.5%) would result in a 13.5% increase of efficiency.
Parker et al.'s [ 17] evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) models were originally derived to determine optimal sperm expenditure in external spawners, but they have been equally applied to internally fertilizing species in which ejaculates compete in a fair raffle, i.e. in which fertilization success is proportional to the number of sperm transferred [ 20, 39].
