With growing pressure on higher education institutions because of decreasing student numbers and the increasing need for external funds, emphasis on managing an institution's reputation is stronger than ever.
With a new emphasis on external competition, clubs felt pressure to field quality teams.
Salafi thinking, which has gradually occupied Egyptian thought over the past three decades, puts enormous emphasis on external appearance rather than the inner spirit.
Biomechanics had lost its appeal by the late 1920s, though Meyerhold's emphasis on external action did become an element in Soviet actor-training techniques.
"Conventional medicine is very unbalanced in placing all its emphasis on external interventions rather than looking to advance that internal capacity to maintain healing," said Andrew Weil, founder of the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine and the author of several books on wellness.
That seems to contradict Basel II, which puts greater emphasis on external ratings, including those issued by agencies.
Effective PES implementation under external stressors requires greater emphasis on the evaluation and mitigation of external stressors, and further instruments that can accommodate associated risks and uncertainties.
Those approaches' characteristics are a) an emphasis on external or internal drivers of the change, and b) the prevalence of formal or non-formal communication on the change.
As a corollary, the emphasis for external aid has also been on increasing aid to secure EFA rather than on the dangers of aid dependency in securing and sustaining EFA.
