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The existence of heavy external debt burdens has also tended to force the pace of structural adjustment programmes; the costs of adjustment are a rising function of the speed of adjustment and growth usually suffers more with shock-treatment adjustment.
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After 9/11, Pakistan's external debt burden declined sharply.
The swap involves alleviating a country's external debt burden in exchange for that country investing the equivalent amount of resources into specified nature conservation programs or activities.
There were growing economic difficulties in the 1980s, including a heavy external debt burden, escalating costs of food and fuel imports, and erratic mineral-export production.
In 1985, García came to power in the midst of a severe economic crisis, with the economy in recession and the public sector staggering under a massive external debt burden.
Although Pakistan faces an external debt burden of $8 billion this year, the first payments to China as part of the Belt and Road Initiative come due in 2019, with $1 billion owed, officials say.
Mexico's economic transformation was successful in reducing inflation, maintaining fiscal discipline, reducing its external debt burden, and increasing trade as a share of GDP (Hanson 2010).
At today's black-market exchange rate, Russia's external debt burden is equivalent to around 100% of GDP, higher than almost any other emerging country.
Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and its large external debt burden.
The government of Zimbabwe faces a number of difficult economic problems, including infrastructure and regulatory deficiencies, ongoing indigenization pressure, policy uncertainty, a large external debt burden, and insufficient formal employment.
Of far greater significance for more than 30 low-income countries is the external debt burden.
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