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Indeed, results here reported show that internal gradients differ from those that can be estimated from methods measuring external concentrations.
At higher external concentrations, frequently detrimental effects on plant growth are observed, while lower levels of carbon nanomaterials (<100 mg L−1) exert beneficial or no effects; 4.
To cope with this constraint, higher plants modulate their root uptake capacity to compensate for the changes in external concentrations of the N, P or S sources.
a Rice plants were exposed for a 10-day period to increasing Zn external concentrations (from 0.1 to 10 μM), in the absence (white bars) or presence (grey bars) of 0.1 μM Cd2+.
The Scatchard analysis of metal adsorption data suggest that the expression of AGα1Cp variants in S. cerevisiae increased the number of high-affinity covalent ligand metal interactions, thereby enhancing metal recovery at low external concentrations.
On the other hand, LMW and HMW Cd-binding complexes appeared in a dynamic equilibrium depending on Cd external concentrations, as indicated by the ratio between the amount of Cd ions retained in each complex, which notably changed when moving toward the highest Cd external concentration, in the presence of a steady amount of Zn (Additional file 1: Tables S3 and S4).
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We also prove that if external concentration of nutrients is large, the tumor will not disappear.
In the absence of any source of Cd, LMW Zn-binding complexes significantly increased as the Zn external concentration did.
Finally, in the same conditions, the amount of Zn found in LMW complexes significantly increased as Cd external concentration did.
External concentration polarization was found to exhibit a relatively small effect on reducing the osmotic pressure driving force.
Simulated water flux is a result of interplay among reverse salt flux, internal and external concentration polarization (ICP and ECP).
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