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A long-standing debate within both Jain communities concerns the relative value of external acts of worship and internalized acts of mental discipline and meditation.
In an effort to make sure each student is honoured a public google document has been created "to ensure we never forget the names of victims of internal and external acts of mass violence".
According to him, external acts are morally significant only by extrinsic denomination from internal acts.
For Walter Chatton, Ockham and Wodeham's position on the amoral status of external acts leads to unsavory consequences.
Acts of virtues (or vices) other than such external acts of inter-personal (in)justice cannot rightly be prohibited unless they involve (in)justice.
The distinction between the soul itself and its powers (the lower soul) is an instance of the distinction between internal and external acts, mentioned above.
Similar(48)
Thus, the soul itself has an intellectual activity that has the second powers or lower soul as its external act.
In the case of the latter (an external act), the power of the will is not sufficient, and another source of power is needed.
Scotus's position, as understood by Wodeham, states that while an external act can only be good if it falls under the control of the will (cf. Adams and Wood 1981, 9), the external and indirectly controlled act can nevertheless contribute an additional moral goodness beyond the moral value accrued through the act of volition.
Think of it as the Consumer Law of Motion: a cheapskate who is at rest will stay at rest unless an external force acts upon him.
A particle of matter that is spinning about its own axis or moving in an orbit around some external point acts like a gyroscope: it resists forces that tend to change its state of motion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com