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Treatment differences and, to a lesser extent, stage and comorbidities, may be important contributing factors for the poorer outcomes immediately after cancer diagnosis among Indigenous people.
However, as treatment is highly correlated with disease extent (stage), which we adjusted for in our analyses, it is probable that its inclusion in the analyses would have had little influence on our results.
In agreement with Johansson et al (2004) and Albertsen et al (2005), we found Gleason score to be an important determinant of cancer-specific mortality, but baseline PSA and, to a lesser extent, stage of disease added further predictive value.
In agreement with previous studies (Johansson et al, 2004; Albertsen et al, 2005; Cuzick et al 2006) we found Gleason score to be an important determinant of cancer-specific mortality, although baseline PSA and to a lesser extent stage of disease added further predictive value.
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Once a malignant tumor is detected, determination of disease extent (staging) is important for appropriate treatment planning and determining prognosis.
As shown in the table, significant correlations were found between EGFR expression and tumour extent (T stage) (P=0.010), lymph node status (N stage) (P=0.019), clinical overall stage (P=0.002), tumour depth (P=0.035), and ECS of lymph node (P=0.025).
Moreover, no significant association was found between mean Mib-1 indices and various clinicopathological parameters studied (age, sex, circumferential tumour extent, T-stage, N-stage and histological type).
In addition, we found baseline PSA level and to a lesser extent clinical stage and extent of disease added further predictive value.
We found six markers significantly associated with survival of ESCC patients (Ezrin, Fascin, ATF3, surgery extent, N-stage, and M-stage).
7– 9 The concept of LNR is based on the assumption that it indirectly reflects the extent or stage of the initial cancer, with a higher ratio implying a more advanced cancer stage.
This examines to what extent each stage in devising and executing a policy affects the overall shape and impact of the policy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com