Exact(11)
If these components are correlated both with outcomes and with the selected school curriculum, our estimates may still reflect to some extent selection effects, and should therefore interpreted with due caution.
In order to evaluate to what extent selection causes an outlier PPP-value for the underlying SNPs, we analyzed several simulated data sets with some SNPs subjected both to balancing and positive selection (see Materials and Methods) and three different selection coefficients as representative of low (s = 0.02), moderate (s = 0.05) and high (s = 0.10) selection intensity.
Therefore, studies of OMPs in bacteria that infect invertebrates, but not vertebrates, could reveal to what extent selection in invertebrates shapes OMP diversity and evolution.
Therefore, it is also unclear to what extent selection for selfing genotypes, sensu Baker [ 11, 12], is a widespread phenomenon in ferns.
Inbreeding, and to a small extent selection, reduced the additive genic variance and therefore also the additive genetic variance by changing the allele frequencies of causative loci.
Observational studies are highly susceptible to selection bias, and researchers should therefore always examine to what extent selection bias may be present in their material and what characterizes the bias in their material.
Similar(49)
The plot consists of 4 × 4 layers, differing by extent of selection (levels: no, weak, moderate, and strong selection; in horizontal direction) and true treatment effect (odds ratio: 1, 0.75, 0.67, 0.50; in vertical direction).
In the field of tertiary education however, it is an open question to what extent self-selection and external selection lead to systematical differences between the students of the different courses of studies.
Selection acting on both these traits facilitates divergence to a larger extent than selection for either trait independently.
The likely extent of selection bias was unclear for six studies (60%%) because description of the participant and community selection procedures was absent or insufficiently detailed [ 42– 46, 47, 47, 59].
The extent of selection for biosynthetic cost might seem surprising, because accessory genes are traditionally supposed to be under weak selection, yet we find evidence of selection for their amino acid composition.
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