Exact(1)
Anomalies in the position of the Gulf Stream Labrador Current boundary, which produce a greater or lesser extent of warm water near the Grand Banks, so affect the energy supply to the atmosphere and the development and steering of weather systems from that region that they are associated with rather persistent anomalies of weather pattern over the British Isles and northern Europe.
Similar(57)
"If you look at the 8 July image that might be the maximum extent of warming you would see in the summer," Zwally noted.
But the summary also acknowledges that studies assessing the extent of warming from a given buildup of greenhouse gases now give lower odds to the highest projections.
He acknowledges the enduringly wide range of estimates of the extent of warming from the greenhouse buildup but stresses that the system is already set up for centuries of warming, with further delay simply adding to the task of successive generations.
A much-cited study (paper here) concluded last month that the extent of warming in Australia in recent decades was so great compared to climate variations in the last millennium that it had to be mainly the result of warming from the human-driven buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The study, which presented a variety of situations reflecting the range of predictions on the extent of warming, showed that if global temperatures rise 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) beyond what they were in pre-industrial times, about 30 percent of the planet's winters are increasingly likely to produce seasonal snowfall below the current record low levels.
But it is not just the extent of warming, it is the speed at which warming would take place that poses a problem, Amstrup says.
Specific sites, like Greenland, may have been warmer 1000 years ago, says Osborn, but the overall extent of warming in the Northern Hemisphere is greater now.
The differences that separate climate scientists even within the "consensus" are over the speed and extent of warming, the consequences (economic and environmental) and the importance of other climate factors which are not man-made and which may affect the climate's sensitivity to the rise in C02 emissions.
There is general agreement among GCMs that California's climate is warming, although the extent of warming is not consistent among models, with some ensembles resulting in drier conditions and some in wetter [1], [2].
Analysis of decapod larvae in the plankton reveals a greater presence and spatial extent of warm-water species where the increase in decapods is greatest.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com