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Taken together, even if the extent of cattle infected with M. tuberculosis is unknown it should be considered as a potential risk factor for human transmission, with for example ingestion of contaminated milk being one possible source of infection.
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The extent of LD in cattle has been investigated in a number of studies [ 7, 12- 15].
Nevertheless, the extent of LD in cattle [ 18] is greater than in humans [ 19] but smaller than in dog [ 20].
The extent of LD in cattle is higher than in human, but much less than in a mouse population.
Although the extent of LD in cattle is much greater than in human, the pattern of decay in LD with distance is similar.
This is the first comprehensive study on the extent of LD in cattle by analyzing data on 1,546 Holstein-Friesian bulls genotyped for 15,036 SNP markers covering all regions of all autosomes.
Given the extent of confined beef cattle production, extensive use of veterinary antibiotics, and significant wind energy potentials in the Central Plains region of the United States, we hypothesized that antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria in PM collected downwind of beef cattle feed yards would be more abundant than that in corresponding PM collected upwind.
Figure 2 presents the distribution of the average number of SNPs in windows sliding over the genome of breeds in data set I. We chose this length because of the longer extent of LD in cattle compared to humans, in which the window length used is commonly around 200 Kb [ 11, 12].
As the extent of linkage disequilibrium across cattle breeds is limited, the underlying causative mutations have been mapped to a small genomic interval containing two promising candidate genes.
This report is intended to be used as an updated description of the extent of LD in beef cattle.
The extent of LD in various cattle breeds is greater than that found in this study [ 16, 17, 41, 42].
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