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The mesenchymal mode is driven by Rac activation, and involves extensive protrusions and proteolytic activity [1].
The down-regulation of E-cadherin levels and the formation of the extensive protrusions in Dsg3 overexpressing cells reported above were reminiscent of the types of morphological changes observed upon Src activation.
In cells, this membrane deforming activity generates small buds, which can lengthen into extensive protrusions upon actin cytoskeleton polymerization.
Confocal pictures of embryos treated with 3 different MDGA2A morpholinos showed extensive protrusions at the choice point and a significantly reduced turning angle (32.75±1.53°) compared to control fish (58.15±1.11, p<0.005; supplementary material Fig. S4B,D).
While NPC1, RFBP and FRα bury their respective ligands in the protein core (cholesterol in NPC1, riboflavin in RFBP and folate in FRα) with the help of extensive protrusions from the core CRD fold (shown in gray in Figure 5F H), Fz8, the closest structural homolog of the zSmo CRD structure, binds the palmitoleyl moiety covalently linked to Wnt proteins in a shallow groove.
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In wild-type embryos, the two pairs of ventral leading epidermal cells show extensive, relatively broad protrusions.
Physical examination results revealed extensive swelling and a remarkable protrusion of the tongue.
rho1 mutant Drosophila embryos cannot assemble a wound actomyosin cable but compensate with extensive filopodial protrusions that 'zipper' neighbouring cells together and drag the wound closed (Wood et al., 2002).
Extensive upper jaw protrusion in modern sharks was found to allow faster closure of jaws to gouge or cut smaller pieces of prey to fit into the mouth [ 50].
In parallel, the tumor cells have acquired cellular protrusions, accompanied by extensive re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
When expressed alone in the absence of RA, GFP-CASK directly induced the extensive formation of short-membrane protrusions, as has been reported previously (25), while myc-FRMD7 over-expression had a limited effect on neurite outgrowth when expressed alone (Fig. 6).
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