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Durkheim famously distinguished mechanical and organic forms of solidarity, with the latter referring to the type of solidarity that emerges in industrialised societies with extensive divisions of labour (Durkheim, 1893/1984).
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They originated in expanding towns in which an extensive division of labour was emerging.
The advantages to the merchant-employer were the lower wage costs and increased efficiency due to a more extensive division of labour within the craft.
The production of large quantities of goods at low cost through the use of standardized parts and extensive division of labour was made possible by the development of machine tools (lathe-like machines for shaping metals) in the 19th century.
It has been suggested that the prominence of age grading in these tribes (contrasted with its absence among other Plains Indians) may be partly attributable to the absence of any extensive division of labour or economic inequality in these tribes.
It may thus be that social classification mainly in terms of gender and age belongs to an early period of social development, when obvious "natural" differences provide a means of differentiation, and that these factors lose their prominence with the more extensive division of labour and the growth of economic inequality.
A more extensive division of labor raises productivity because returns to the time spent on tasks are usually greater to workers who concentrate on a narrower range of skills.
By day 4, both P14 and OT-I T cells in all organs were CFSE negative (data not shown), indicating that they had undergone extensive division.
Development of higher organisms is dependent on extensive division and movement of cells arranged in well-organized, densely packed epithelial sheets, in many instances only one cell layer thick.
Because of the extensive division of the villous trees, the total exchange surface area at term is about 13 m (Larsen et al. 1995; Syme et al. 2004).
These cases showed extensive division of labor allocating specific tasks to nursing staff, while in the other case medical doctors performed most tasks.
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