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To test the linkage of reproductive traits and sensory response systems of social behavior, we measured sucrose responsiveness with the proboscis extension response (PER) assay and quantified ovary size and vitellogenin (yolk precursor) gene expression in 6 7-day-old bees by counting ovarioles (ovary filaments) and by using semiquantitative real time RT-PCR.
To measure gustatory responsiveness, we utilized the proboscis extension response (PER).
After the 2 h starvation period, gustatory responsiveness [54], [55] was measured by the proboscis extension response (PER).
The proboscis extension response (PER) [6,13] is closely associated with complex behavioral traits involving foraging and learning [30 32,34 36,43 49].
The study was conducted to explore actual manifestations of climate change in smallholder cocoa farms to aid extension response to climate impacts, and to understand the reasons for a renewed interest in cocoa production in the forest-savanna agro ecological landscape in Ghana, in spite of unfavorable climatic conditions.
The proboscis extension response (PER) was assayed using analyses of variance for repeated measurements (RM-ANOVA).
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These differences in extension responses likely result from more complex and evolving flow-form interactions inside erosional basins.
We quantified proboscis extension responses to increasing sucrose concentrations and sting extension responses to electric shocks of increasing voltage.
During testing, we video-recorded the animals' proboscis extension responses at 30 frames s−1.
Extension responses were initially by far the greatest in number and duration.
Extension responses decreased with time and this was compensated for by the opposite trend in the silent periods and flexion responses.
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