Coupling of the transducer to the tibia, and thus transmittance of the acceleratory motion, was achieved by securing the distal portion of the tibia to the plastic extension of the actuator with two pieces of soft rubber.
In order to enable a good control performance the set-up of sensing the extension of the piezo actuator is detailed as well as the spindle position used in fast real-time environment.
The microfinger is composed of a hydraulic rubber actuator and a DE-FERV on the side and bends by the extension of the hydraulic rubber actuator.
This leads to the extension of the notion of smart actuator with the notion of agent.
Such devices suffer particularly when they reach force saturation of the actuators and maximum extension of their stroke, which may occur in case of severe loading conditions (e.g. wind gust and earthquake).
The extensions of the PZT actuators are measured by the strain gauges fixed to each PZT actuator; the signals are transferred to the Linux PC through an amplifier (Kyowa MCD-16A) and an analog-to-digital board [Contec AD16-16 PCI EV]. AD16-16 PCI EV]
The strain energy transferred from a piezoelectric film actuator to a substructure is derived as a function of actuator strain only and is then used to calculate the induced strain in a substructure loaded in uniaxial extension/compression, bending and torsion.
The spring constant of actuator k actuator can be calculated using the following equation: k_{actuator} = k_{spring} + k_{bellow} (7).
On the other hand, cyber-physical systems are generally built upon wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs), which is an extension of WSNs.
Resulting in a simple formula the solution enables the extension of the usable dynamic range of a comb-drive actuator to include the nonlinear zone.
The SMA actuator and bellow play a role in contraction and extension of an earthworm muscle respectively.
