This is because robustness to fluctuations in external inputs enables carotenoid elaboration by extending time available for its evolution (Fig. 3a and b) and this equally applies to the evolution of metabolic pathways (as documented in this study, Fig. 9), their enzymatic efficiency (e.g., [ 44]), or the time required for the evolution of species-specific feather protein binding [ 45, 46].
Comparison of these empirical data with the "maximum possible elaboration" – the longest metabolic pathway structurally possible in the connected avian carotenoid network (Fig. 3b, Additional file 5: Figure S3) – suggests that dietary robustness enables metabolic pathway elongation by extending time available for its evolution.
Data about several other potential harms were available from the main outcome measures described previously, such as continued pain or reduced function (available from scales in the SF-36v2) and extended time off work (from the patient questionnaire).
Both missed extended time.
Kings' Matt Greene to miss extended time.
Costly life-history events are adaptively separated in time, thus, when reproduction is extended, the time available for molt is curtailed and, in turn, molt rate is accelerated.
An extended leaf longevity lowers the frequency of leaf formation and extends the time available to reclaim nutrients from mature leaves, thus reducing nutrient demands [ 8].
Extending the time available to make a decision does not increase the range of Brexit options, but it allows for a more honest account of those choices and perhaps a more deliberative, less aggressively partisan evaluation of their merits.
The Truman administration assumed that the introduction of thermonuclear weapons would extend the time available to the United States and its allies (including NATO) to build up conventional forces to match those of the Soviet Union and its satellites.
PEGylated nanoparticles can avoid recognition by RES, thus extending the time available for them to travel through the blood and reach target tumor tissue [9, 11].
