In biochemical and biophysical studies both exogenous natural inhibitors and synthetic small molecules have been used, mostly to analyze the primary specificity of the respective kallikrein-related peptidase and then for refined studies of extended substrate specificity.
Molecular evolution of beta-lactamases confers extended substrate specificity, thus improving bacterial inactivation of a wider range of antibiotics (Nukaga et al. 1995).
We therefore extended the specificity tests for both primer pairs with additional 12 isolates of F. verticillioides, 15 isolates of F. proliferatum, 12 isolates of F. subglutinans, 42 isolates of nontarget Fusarium species, and 20 isolates of other fungal species.
Two single substitutions increase binding affinity by four orders of magnitude and extend binding specificity to include formerly incompatible murine E-cadherin.
We can thus construct a useful abstraction for giving a general description of systems that will extend past specificity of individual attitudes to include their interaction with other systems, even those that do not specifically include human actors, such as organizations and computer systems.
Conservation of specificity extended to secondary modes of binding, and even subtle dinucleotide preferences, suggesting that TF binding specificities are not subject to substantial evolutionary drift.
The neurites of naked neurons showed no substrate specificity and extended over the laminin substrate, as well as onto and off the Schwann cells.
Given this overlap in Ets recognition sequences, further specificity is extended by combinatorial and co-operative binding with other TFs [ 10] at tandem (e.g. ETS1/RUNX [ 34]) or palindromic sites (ETS1) [ 35] respectively.
He suggested a 'kinetic proofreading' scheme to accomplish this, which Tim McKeithan subsequently extended to explain TCR specificity [ 31]. pMHC binding to the TCR activates lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), which undertakes multiple phosphorylations of TCR accessory proteins and these phosphorylations are presumed to be the dissipative steps.
Comparing the number of pathways that resulted enriched uniquely in the transcriptome or in the translatome DEGs, we had another proof that the gene expression uncoupling between transcriptome and translatome is extended to a functional specificity between the two relative sets of enriched pathways (Additional file 1: Figure S5).
