Two months later, Mr. Bush and Congress extended aid to General Motors and Chrysler.
The World Food Programme, already assisting 4.5m of the most vulnerable Afghans, has extended aid to another 1.5m.
One possibility is extended aid to the long-term unemployed, which expires for two million jobless Americans after Nov. 30.
At first the United States imposed an arms embargo, but after May 1947 it extended aid to Chiang a policy aptly described as "neutrality against the Communists".
In an effort to stem the recession, lawmakers have extended aid to many companies, most recently to the automakers G.M. and Chrysler, a unit of the private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management.
If the United States demonstrated resolve whenever Moscow made threatening noises; if it extended aid to the European democracies, so that they would know who their friends were; and if it otherwise tended to the cultivation of its own garden there was no reason to expect World War Three.
Congress is also reluctant to extend aid to other industries.
But Mrs. Clinton stressed the need to extend aid beyond counterterrorism to development and governing.
While the government typically extends aid, of course, the Prescott-Kydland perspective is a useful tool for examining such policy issues, says Alan Blinder, a Princeton University economist.
But the plaintiffs' lawyers themselves acknowledge that if they are successful, the long-term result could be expensive for the state, unless Congress extends aid to lawful immigrants.
