Disparity analyses revealed that fissipeds do not have greater morphological disparity than extant pinnipeds, despite their greater taxonomic diversity and earlier divergence age.
We further test whether the addition of well-preserved fossil metatherians to the dataset would significantly increase the disparity measured from extant marsupials alone.
Due to policy disparities between nations and extant international research networks, stem cell research is the ideal research area for a study of the impact of international collaboration.
The extant literature, however, focuses largely on disparities and related barriers for African-American patients and none has used the steps to transplantation as a guiding framework.
We used these distance matrices to compute the disparity (mean ecological distance) within all extant subclades at each time step, marked by node ages (Fig. S1 in Appendix S1).
The emphasis will be on the types of urban metrics that are extant, the measures and methodologies used to assess health disparities, the comparability of these measures, and the extent to which single (vs. multiple vs. parsimonious) measures have been used to assess urban health and health disparities.
Based on size data from extant species (see above), this approach calculates the mean disparity for the trait over time, and compares the observed body size disparity with that expected under a null model of Brownian-motion by simulating body size evolution 10,000 times across the tree [ 12].
By contrast, Prevosti et al. [ 22] found that disparity in mandible morphology is more constrained in extant carnivorous marsupials than in the Carnivora; however, the exclusion of extinct forms from that analysis left the most specialized marsupial carnivores unsampled.
Lindsey Dougherty for SCUBA-based research in Indonesia combined with museum sampling in order to quantify predation instances in Ctenoides ales, the "disco clam". Elizabeth Ferrer to continue her studies of fossil and extant varanid specimens and for analysis of the interaction of morphological disparity and diversity in varanids.
Although these exclusions primarily involved unusual placentals and thus may have reduced estimates of placental cranial disparity, our sampling did include the vast majority of extant placental diversity, particularly in the terrestrial realm cohabited by marsupials.
