Several studies have shown that negative symptoms might be primary to schizophrenia or secondary to other factors, and that they cluster in the domains of avolition apathy and expressive deficit.
Most geographical regions showed moderate-to-large differential item functioning for Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale expressive deficit items, especially N3 Poor Rapport, as compared with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale experiential deficit items, showing that these items might be interpreted or scored differently in different regions.
To this end, the objectives of this study were to 1) identify the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptom dimensions of expressive deficits and experiential deficits and 2) analyze performance on these dimensions over 15 geographical regions to determine whether the items defining them manifest similar reliability across these regions.
For patients with expressive deficits, they may be able to provide consent through non-verbal communication, but it may be very difficult for them to participate in the research protocol unless specific mechanisms are in place to accommodate their deficits.
Specified test scores are given in Table 2. > -wrap-foot> All patients were classified as non-fluent aphasics, diagnosed with Broca's aphasia (n = 10) or global aphasia with prevailing expressive deficits (n = 7).
Clinically, patients with PNFA often report altered perception of sound, and non-verbal perceptual and expressive deficits sometimes dominate the clinical presentation (Confavreux et al., 1992; Otsuki et al., 1998; Uttner et al., 2006; Iizuka et al., 2007; Jörgens et al., 2008).
Targeting the frequency or complexity of prelinguistic vocalizations might improve the language trajectory of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who exhibit continued expressive language deficits.
Similarly, Van Agt et al. (2011) have found that both receptive and expressive language deficits were closely associated with attention problems, aggressiveness and worse quality of life in SLI.
This finding is in line with Gallagher's review (1999) reporting higher internalizing behavior problems in school-aged children with SLI and in subjects with expressive language deficits.
Results indicated that the phenotype of microdeletions or duplications at breakpoints BP4 and BP5 were related to ASD, ADHD, minor dysmorphic features, expressive language deficits and cognitive impairment [ 59].
Expressive language deficits conferred a significant increase in risk (medium effects) for both SSD and AP in one birth cohort [ 13], while speech problems were antecedent only to SSD and not AP in the other birth cohort [ 111].
