Within the scope of an attitude verb expressions refer to what they express when outside the scope of an attitude verb.
Database information is recorded in terms of files, records, and fields, while natural-language expressions refer to the same information in terms of entities and relationships in the world.
The two belief sentences can differ in truth value because, although both are about the same individual, the expressions referring to him pick him out in different ways.
Concrete mass expressions refer to mereological sums.
Hence, expressions referring to such entities qualify as theoretical.
Variability can also be simply due to alternative typographical expressions referring to the same chemical.
Or do different sorts of referring expressions refer in different ways?
So there exist abstract mathematical objects that these expressions refer to and quantify over.
The N c (t) and N s (t) expressions refer to in-phase and quadrature components of noise, respectively.
This interpretation explains (a) what objects some expressions refer to, and (b) what classes some quantifiers range over.
It is hardly indicated, however, how this picture works for expressions referring to theoretical entities (cf. Papineau 1996).
