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To be sure, Zhu spoke of a threshold between perceptible and imperceptible phenomena in terms of the expressions "above forms" (xing er shang) and "within forms" (xing er xia).
by the two expressions above.
From all the expressions above, we obtain.
Adding all the expressions above, we get (4.17).
In the expressions above, ({hat {mathbf {U}}_{n}}) is the estimation of noise subspace U n.
We utilize the expressions above in the derivation of the asymptotic results.
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Inserting (B.2) into the expression above, we get (B.5).
where the second expression above is to meet the conditions that u i ∈ [0, 1].
end{aligned} (26 The expression above is valid for any class of customers.
end{aligned} From (8) and the expression above, it is easy to obtain that ({P_{12}} = 0).
Notice the last expression above is a martingale since the expectation does not contain t.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com