Since the study takes the clause as the unit of analysis, in cases where more than one modal expression of probability or usuality occurs in the same clause, only the one with higher value will be counted.
As applications, we have demonstrated how the derived statistics can be utilized for designing the optimum coherent receiver, derivation for the expression of probability of bit error rate, derivation of MMSE channel estimator for Rayleigh fading, and derivation for the probability of outage in fading environment.
The expression of probability of missed detection P m 1 for the proposed selective combining scheme can be obtained using Eq. (12) and Figure 2 as P m 1 = I ( 0, ∞, 0, ∞, σ hn 2, L, x, y ) - I ( λ, ∞, λ, ∞, σ hn 2, L, x, y ) + I ( λ, λ 0 - λ, λ, λ 0 - x, σ hn 2, L, x, y ).
The expression of probability of false alarm P f 2 for the proposed scheme can be obtained using Eq. (11) and Figure 3 as P f 2 = I ( λ, ∞, λ, ∞, σ n 2, L, x, y ) = 1 [ Γ ( 2 L ) ] 2 Γ 2 L, L λ n 2. (21) Figure 3 Decision regions for detection and non-detection of the primary signal for λ 0 = 2λ.
In the Rasch model item difficulty is an expression of probability of getting a certain item 'correct'correct
Just as journal editors shifted the expression of probability from potentially misleading P values to more meaningful confidence intervals by requiring them in publication standards, 60 so they should now raise the bar for authors to improve the usability of evidence, and especially to require that research findings are presented in a way that informs individualised conversations.
A series of cards depicting numerical expressions of percent (10%), natural frequency (1 in 10), and decimal probability (0.1) and verbal expressions of "probability", "likelihood", and "chance" were also presented for discussion.
In addition, there is the fact that the interpretations of these verbal expressions of probability vary in different contexts even though they can be kept constant in each evaluator [14, 15, 16].
All GPs reported presenting numerical expressions of probability in a way that was meaningful, particularly as there was strong agreement that women generally had a poor understanding of statistics.
Substituting (21) and (29) into (26) allows us to express the close-form expression of outage probability for BTB SCM as (7).
In the theoretical part of the results, analytical expressions of probabilities of early extinction and of extinction after <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009371.e015.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> generations for single populations and two coupled populations are derived.
