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The capacity of andrographolide to reduce macrophage expression of pattern recognition receptor (mannose receptor, CD206) and MHC/costimulatory molecules indicated that andrographolide may inhibit the antigen uptake and presentation and result in reduced specific antibody production.
Moreover, IECs actively contribute to pathogenic bacteria clearance and to gut homeostasis toward the commensal bacteria, due to the surface expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) [4].
The expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on leukocyte surface was not different between the two groups except for TLR-5, which was expressed at a lower level in the sepsis group.
These studies demonstrate that chitin modulates gene expression of pattern recognition receptors, in particular TLR4.
Cells of the innate immune system such as dendritic cells (DCs) detect and respond to pathogens through the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
In addition, the level of constitutive expression of pattern recognition receptors and opsonins that specifically recognize bacteria, and of lysozymes, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) pathway and immune stress genes, hallmarks of humoral immunity, were also reduced in larvae.
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Martín-Durán and colleagues investigated the expression of patterning genes in four xenacoelomorph species.
These studies suggest that the evolutionary conservation of glucocorticoid pulsatile release has consequences for the biologically accurate expression of patterns of genes [29].
In fact, both CD14+ populations presented an innate inflammatory profile with increased expression of pattern-recognition receptors, consistent with less mature populations.
Histones modification may affect the expression of patterning genes during morphogenesis [ 29].
To interrogate this morphological phenotype we analyzed gene expression of patterns through growth in the tbpD non-native expression strain.
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