More recently, it was suggested that expression of LINE RNAs may occur during human neocentromere formation (Chueh et al., 2009), and active polymerase II transcription has been detected in human centromeres during mitosis (Chan et al., 2012).
More genes related to immune function were down-regulated in line B than line A. The analysis of the immune-related genes indicated that SE infection induced a stronger, up-regulated gene expression of line heterophils A than line B, and these genes include several components in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and genes involved in T-helper cell activation.
Thus, expression of IAP elements is associated with their hypomethylated state in the placenta, but expression of LINE-1 elements is not.
Enforced expression of LINE-1 sequences in RASFs induced the expression of the p38δ mitogen-activated protein kinase, the c-Met receptor, and galectin 3-binding protein, thus contributing to the activated phenotype of RASFs.
Accordingly, previous studies [ 36, 37] have reported expression of LINE-1 in a broad range of normal tissues that appeared to be dominated by a few elements in each one.
Judging from what has been reported previously for increased expression of Line-1 elements in neuronal cells of vertebrates and Drosophila[ 11- 13], the effects will probably be complex and involve NLRS-mediated alteration of neuronal-cell gene expression leading ultimately to muscle deformity.
Microarray expression profiling of Tex19.1 −/− placentas shows that loss of Tex19.1 results in increased expression of LINE-1 retrotransposons in this tissue, and immunohistochemistry suggests that LINE-1 derepression is occurring in the hypomethylated trophectoderm-derived cell types that normally express Tex19.1.
Notice that the number of points of intersection of (OE_{k}) and (T_{k}) is equal to the number of solutions of equation (3) and the expressions of line segment (OE_{k}).
If the input vector of DMU (E_{k}) is (overline{X}_{k}={bar{x}_{k1}, ldots, bar{x}_{km}}), the expressions of line segment (OE_{k}) are as follows: textstylebegin{cases} bar{x}_{1}=lambdabar{x}_{k1}, bar{x}_{2}=lambdabar{x}_{k2}, vdots bar{x}_{m}=lambdabar{x}_{km}, lambdain 0, 1]. end{cases}.
The expression level of line 2 1 1 and line 3 6 7 were used as a reference in the comparison of CX3- and CX5-suppression lines, respectively.
