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Whether skin involvement represents the expression of a direct autoimmune attack, or an unrelated event still remains to be defined.
To confirm that absolute Yan-YFP concentration had little effect on cell state transitions, we examined expression of a direct target of Yan in R7 cells: the pros gene (Kauffmann et al., 1996; Xu et al., 2000).
Therefore, the use of a prodrug activating enzyme not only is a further safeguard to the system (compared to expression of a direct cytotoxic protein which might produce host toxicity if it comes in circulation), but also provides considerable potential for treatment amplification.
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Activated STAT3 signaling also has been shown to induce expression of survivin expression, a direct downstream target of STAT3 and confer resistance to apoptosis in human breast cancer cells [ 7].
We also elucidated the underlying mechanism that p53 restained the osteogenesis via modulating the trancription of pri-miR-17 and then affecting the expression of Smurf1, a direct target of miR-17.
When comparisons across different sites are made, hepatic expression of CYP1A2, a direct target of the AHR, appears elevated in embryos from a site associated with a dioxin point source and previously characterized PCB contamination.
For example, we showed recently that Tip60 up-regulated expression of Col2a1, a direct target of SOX9 [31].
Moreover, expression of ADRB2, a direct target of EZH2 [ 27], was concurrently increased by 50%.
The apoptotic phenotype in SpRunt-1 deficient embryos is specifically caused by a deficit in the expression of SpPKC1, a direct regulatory target of SpRunt-1 that encodes a conventional protein kinase C [ 8].
We found that injection of the Phos-A peptide, but not the A-mut peptide, in Xenopus embryos induced partial axis duplication and the expression of Xnr3, a direct downstream target gene for β-catenin signaling [49] (Figure 6).
As a control, the mRNA expression levels of a direct TGF β target gene, Smad7, were also examined and, as expected, were not affected by CHX treatment.
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