Uterine stretch induces expression contraction-associated proteins such as oxytocin receptors and connexin-43 [ 55, 56].
Kinner B, Zaleskas JM, Spector M. Regulation of smooth muscle actin expression and contraction in adult human mesenchymal stem cells.
The models are alternatives to the Zimm and Stockmayer's (1949) analytical expression of contraction factor for molecules with terminal branching.
Zaleskas JM, Kinner B, Freyman TM, Yannas IV, Gibson LJ, Spector M. Growth factor regulation of smooth muscle actin expression and contraction of human articular chondrocytes and meniscal cells in a collagen-GAG matrix.
In comparison to the cells in high stiffness (16 kPa)/slow degrading hydrogels, hiPSC-CMs in low stiffness (2 kPa)/fast degrading and intermediate stiffness (9 kPa)/intermediate degrading hydrogels exhibit increased intercellular network formation, α-actinin and connexin-43 expression, and contraction velocity.
Myometrial activation from uterine stretch causing an increased excitability and responsiveness were shown to be due to increased expression of contraction associated proteins (CAPs) such as connexins, and prostaglandin receptors.
It is widely recognized that hPSC-derived CMs are immature, with electrical properties, gene expression and contraction forces only equivalent to those of fetal or neonatal human myocytes (de Boer et al, 2010; Hoekstra et al, 2012).
Fundamental biological phenomena occurring at the outset of any biological process, such as enzyme substrate interaction, protein synthesis, protein decay, gene expression, cell contraction, cell moving, etc., develop over time.
However, for several other processes there were more closely shared magnitudes of gene expression changes (muscle contraction, ion transport, collagen).
Therefore, in addition to contraction, expression of PCGs is a major attribute of muscle throughout the planarian body wall.
We then performed immunostaining for TGF-β1, -β2, and TGF-β3 to determine the immunolocalization and level of expression in the contraction band and adjacent muscle.
