These changes cause neuronal apoptosis, neuronal damage (particularly in the hippocampus), structural and functional synaptic damage, and neurotransmitter under-expression, collectively leading to cognitive impairment [ 6].
This means that even the statistically insignificant differences in individual gene expression are collectively still sufficient to distinguish AGRP and POMC neurons.
In addition to ELF3 and KLF5, other genes implicated in the control of gene expression were collectively mutated in multiple samples.
Sequence, mapping, association, and expression analyses collectively showed significant diversity between the two BnA7.SUT1 alleles, which control some of the phenotypic variation for branch number and seed weight in B. napus consistent with expression levels.
Downstream signaling effectors and processes can include the PI3K/Akt pathway, RhoGTPases, and target gene expression, which collectively contribute to regulating cell motility, morphology, polarity, size, adhesion, division, and differentiation [ 19].
We finally confirmed these results on a larger cohort of patients by analyzing a meta-dataset of 19 independent breast cancer expression studies, collectively consisting of 3254 individuals (see supplementary Data S1 and Table S1).
Seemingly, the pattern observed in adult zebrafish for rln3 paralogues differs somewhat from the classical definition of sub-functionalization because sub-functionalized copies are expected to diverge in temporal or spatial expression but collectively span the ancestral expression patterns, although our results are consistent with other data on the expression of paralogous genes [ 45, 46].
The sequence, linkage, association and expression analyses collectively showed that the two maize genes represent chromosomal duplicates, both of which function to control some of the phenotypic variation for kernel size and weight in maize, as does their counterpart in rice.
There is evidence to suggest that epigenetic changes and preferential methylation of sites within the BRCA1 promoter region can lead to this down-regulation of expression; however, collectively, these mechanisms are implicated in only a small percentage of sporadic tumours [ 6].
Hypoxia-regulated genes that differed between cerebellum and hippocampus fell into two broad categories: cell survival, growth and proliferation; and cell activities, including cell morphology, cell movement, cell maintenance, cell to cell signaling, molecular transport, metabolism and gene expression, which collectively reflect the overall vibrancy of the cell.
