We calculated descriptive statistics and expressed outcomes in binary form.
This analysis has expressed outcomes as both LYs and QALYs.
Three studies expressed outcomes as means and medians without defining cutoff ages (21, 23, 30).
Finally, one study expressed outcomes in terms of monetary units, by estimating the impact of correcting iron deficiencies on the productivity of agricultural workers [ 26].
We expressed outcomes as summary risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), using the Mantel–Haenszel method with a fixed effect model (R evM an software, Information Management System, Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark).
To express outcomes in QALYs, the health states of the economic model needed to be linked to appropriate utility scores.
Cost-utility analysis includes costs of the interventions and outcomes, expressing outcomes in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).
Clinicians expressed this outcome mainly in terms of "diagnosis" and "prognosis".
Three studies measuring hand disinfection events by electronic dispensers expressed the outcome as hand disinfections per patient-day [ 5, 6, 8].
For another study that expressed the outcome as a median and range, the mean ± SD was estimated using the approach of Hozo et al.
We define a benefit as the reduction of the occurrence of the target outcome, expressed as the negative outcome, for example, death, rather than the positive outcome, for example, survival.
