The rate of synonymous substitutions increases with the breadth of expression: proteins expressed in a larger number of stages evolve at higher rates at synonymous sites.
Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some "higher-level" language.
Unfortunately, the TEM8 D156L mutant (a substitution to the corresponding CMG2 residue) was not expressed in a soluble form in E. coli.
The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method [ 41] and the results are expressed in base substitutions per site.
Absolute substitution rates are expressed in substitutions per synonymous (μS), four-fold degenerate (μ4D) and non-synonymous (μN ) site per year.
Specifically, substitution of aspartic acid 469 with glycine confers partial function when expressed in multiple copies, whereas substitution with alanine exhibits a loss of function phenotype even in multiple copies.
To assess the relative ages of clades, we compared the 95% HPD distributions for node heights (expressed in average numbers of substitutions per site), considering nodes with non-overlapping 95% HPD ranges to be significantly different in age.
A human FAPP1-PH construct containing a C94S substitution was expressed in Esherichia coli by using a pGEX-6P-1 vector (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA) in M9 media supplemented with NH4Cl and C6-glucose.
Interestingly, we found a rice-specific H4 variant which showed several amino acid substitutions with canonical protein and was expressed in different tissues in a low level.
OMTai14 and OMTai39 possessed an additional base substitution not seen in other members (position 436), and OMBolL15564 expressed a unique A to G substitution at position 425.
