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All costs will be expressed in a reference year values (e.g., 2009 dollars).
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A theoretical velocity profile based on potential flow theory and expressed in a curvilinear reference frame is fitted to the velocity measurements, considered as reference, for extrapolating the velocity at the spillway crest.
Forces and velocities at all fingertips can be expressed in a local reference system.
In many cases, especially when comparing genes expressed in a specific condition to a reference condition, the genes of interest are those which are differentially regulated.
Future work will involve extending the system to identify and fix additional errors, such as checking that the standard names of all human gene entities are valid HGNC gene symbols, all UniProt references are expressed in a standard manner and that post-translational modifications at specific protein positions are biologically valid (e.g. phosphorylation occurs at S, T or Y residues).
The displacement from the posture taken at each BP begin is still expressed in an absolute way (i.e., without reference to the body).
Both the position and rotation components are expressed in reference to a global coordinate system predefined in the motion capture space (see Figure 5).
To quantify differences, a gene must be expressed in the reference sample.
For the purpose of our investigation in this study, we globally estimated the portion of genes differentially expressed in the reference and test samples based on p-values calculated from a moderated t-test.
A mathematical model was used to determine the relative expression ratio (R) of an unknown sample to the control, and expressed in comparison to a reference gene (Wang et al. 2014).
Antibody titers were expressed in units in reference to rhesus monkey reference serum to allow comparison across CAD106 studies.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com