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Constraints in terms of quantities are expressed formally in the Logic Of Constraints, a logic particularly suitable for specifying constraints at the abstract system level, where coordination of executions, not the low level interaction, is of concern.
In 2015, many European countries expressed formally their concern that environmental legislation was being watered down within the European Commission, yet Britain couldn't really be bothered to say anything at all.
In this paper we address this gap by showing how to map an architectural style, expressed formally in an architectural description language, into a relational model that can then be checked for properties, such as whether a style is consistent, whether a style satisfies some predicates over its architectural structure, and whether two styles are compatible for composition.
This paper describes how the theoretical relationships between certain features of instruction and the cognitive capacities of learners can be expressed formally, and how the resulting model can help gain insights into the learning dynamics that arise from these relationships, providing a new aid for research, teaching and practice in the field of instructional design.
These equivalences are expressed formally by the validity, again for any wff α, of(∃x)(∃y)α ≡ ∼(∀x)(∀y)∼α and(∀x)(∀y)α ≡ ∼(∃x)(∃y)∼α and by the resulting replaceability anywhere in a wff of (∃x)(∃y) by ∼(∀x)(∀y)∼, or of (∀x)(∀y) by ∼(∃x)(∃y)∼.
In others, despair is expressed formally, with remarkable restraint: "Living under a tent is not favorable neither to me nor to my children" or "We would appreciate your assistance in obtaining a future as one does not appear to be on our horizon".
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First, it is in itself as expressing formally its own character (kath' hyparxin).
In general, a goal is a condition related to intermediate as well as final action states: yet, classic planning normally considers a goal as a condition put down on a final state, formally expressed as a "conjunction of clauses" (Chang and Char-Tung Lee 1973 p.48; Agre and Chapman 1988; Fikes and Nilsson 1971).
and expressed more formally as 'a=a'a=a
(One quick remark: Rynasiewicz is probably right that the issues cannot be expressed in formally precise terms, but that does not mean that there are no looser philosophical affinities that shed useful light on the history).
Other tribes had previously expressed, less formally, a willingness to confer with the new governor.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com