At HH34, SOX2 was strongly expressed by supporting cells, whereas B-RAF was expressed strongly in the macula sacculi, limiting the region of SOX2 expression and suggesting that B-RAF is expressed by hair cells (Figure 2, q t).
It would have added to the paper if the authors had asked whether NT-3 expressed by supporting cells was essential for synaptic regeneration by simply performing the same experiment in their NT-3flox mice.
Using cell-specific and inducible knockout or overexpression technology, the authors demonstrate that NT-3 and BDNF expressed by supporting cells are required for the maintenance of ribbon synapses, a role distinct from that played during embryogenesis.
We similarly found that mouse Otolin is expressed by support cells in the utricle and saccule and is not produced by vestibular hair cells.
These observations support the conclusion that endogenous Ntf3 expressed by postnatal supporting cells, but not inner hair cells, is necessary for normal cochlear function.
In the postnatal vestibular epithelia, Bdnf is expressed only by supporting cells (Schecterson and Bothwell, 1994; Montcouquiol et al., 1998), whereas Ntf3 is expressed by both supporting cells and hair cells (Farinas et al., 1994).
One of the concerns expressed by people supporting it is that by requiring users to have a Google+ profile the firm was taking away their anonymity.
While previous studies of constitutive knockouts showed that Ntf3 is necessary for the survival of a subpopulation of vestibular neurons during embryogenesis (Ernfors et al., 1995), our data indicate that Ntf3, which like Bdnf is expressed primarily by supporting cells in the postnatal vestibular sensory epithelia (Sugawara et al., 2007), is dispensable in the vestibular system after birth.
In bone, RANKL is expressed by osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, including osteoblasts, in response to osteoclastogenic factors, such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prostaglandin E2, and parathyroid hormone, and is a crucial determinant of the level of bone resorption in vivo [ 5, 12].
Voters expressed their dissatisfaction by supporting the dark-horse candidate Stanisław Tyminski, a Polish émigré businessman from Canada who finished second in the balloting.
The resentments expressed by voters who support Donald Trump, as well as Bernie Sanders, may be misplaced--as Marc Andreessen suggests--but the practical reality is that in a democracy a disaffected majority has every right to upend the status quo, even if they don't actually have a better solution in mind.
