Thomas et al. found that a small subset of cells in nodular goiters express a stem cell marker Oct-4 and endodermal markers GATA-4 and HNF4α using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry; however, no functional characterization was performed [5].
The lymphovascular emboli in animal models of IBC express a stem cell-like phenotype (Xiao et al, 2008).
While Nestin-Cre mice have been widely used for pan-neuronal (and astrocyte-specific) ablation of genes, Nestin is also expressed in a stem cell population in the pituitary [ 35].
Examples of genes expressed in a stem cell-like pattern, strong in the bi-lobed brain, distinct and unique patterns, or in a prog -like sub-epithelial pattern are shown.
During lens regeneration in the newt, the pigmented epithelial cells from the dorsal iris that are responsible for replacing the missing lens express nucleostemin (a stem cell marker) 2 days after lentectomy.
Taken together with the fact that PGC markers were also expressed, an ectodermal stem cell type was defined in the KO ESC, according to the simple absence of Prnp.
Thus, the basal cell expresses only Pax7, maintains a stem cell identity, and functions as a stem cell reservoir, whereas the cell that loses contact with the basal lamina commits to a myogenic fate and has a different profile, expressing both Pax7 and Myf5 [ 111].
While some aspects are controversial (such as whether cancer stem cells originate from normal stem cells, or merely re-express a few stem cell markers), one of the principal aspects of the model is that these cells reside in hypoxic regions of tumors and produce rapidly proliferating cells that migrate to peripheral regions of the tumor and to distant sites in the body.
Because constitutively high levels of MDM2 affect early embryonic development, transgenic chimeras were generated from a stem cell line expressing low levels of transgenic Mdm2 transcript [ 43].
One of the striking findings of this work relates to the fact that a single retinal stem cell expressing rx2 can either be a multipotential stem cell for the neuroretina or be a stem cell for the RPE.
