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So instead of saying 'X exists' we should, to express the proposition we want to be synthetic and contingent, rather say 'Some being is the object X'.
It is plausible that in such a community, the action-type in question would not express the proposition p, or indeed have any meaning at all.
One promising line of thinking, in this regard, is to think of propositions as types, the tokens of which are mental or linguistic events, and in particular the events that would be thought to express the proposition.
(1) Declarative sentences are standing equipment for calling attention to the propositions they express: the proposition an uttered sentence calls to mind most immediately, reliably, and deliberately is the one it semantically expresses.
So the truth of C′ is compatible with my ordinary claim to know, since the latter might strictly express the proposition that My having hands rather than my having had my hands amputated and replaced with prostheses is what explains why I believe that I have hands rather than that I've had my hands amputated and replaced with prostheses.
Since the normal conditions "N" express the proposition that the given situation or world is normal, it would seem that the ranking-of-worlds account entails the possibility of a strict completion by adding the normality condition N to the antecedent: "if N, then Y = f(X)".
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Indicative sentences apt for expressing these mental states (in one sense of 'express') also semantically express the contents of these nondescriptive states just as on a more standard picture indicative sentences semantically express the propositions that are the contents of sentences that (in a different sense of 'express') express beliefs.
Then AF a,b) expresses the proposition "The sum of 2 and 3 is prime," and (∃x) AF x,a) expresses the proposition "There exists a number such that the sum of it and 2 is prime".
If x were replaced by y, however, the closed wff (∀y)ϕyy would be obtained, which expresses the proposition that everyone loves himself and is clearly not equivalent to the original.
Recall that this sentence expresses the proposition that results from applying PLUG1 to Ed and the property of running.
For example, the German sentence "Katzen haben vier Beine", too, expresses the proposition that cats have four legs.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com