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However, these studies did not always express the outcome measure in terms of QALYs.
Among them, Kreuzer's article [ 32] did not directly express the outcome measures as the mean value ± the s.d.
Can the observed convergence express the outcome of visual signal processing within IT cortex, or must it be driven by afferent inputs that have already converged before reaching IT, or top-down, by signals from more advanced processing stages (Bar et al. 2006)?
The SG method is recommended for measurement of individuals' preferences under uncertainty and to express the outcome of different therapeutic choices in utility values to be used in clinical decision analysis and health program evaluation. 5 Based on normative expected-utility arguments, health researchers consider the SG method as the gold standard for utility measurement.
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Accordingly, those who want to convince them must feel pressure to express the outcomes in abstract terms, and the goals in terms of what they are against, rather than what they are for.
For continuous variables (change from baseline to follow-up), we used weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% CI to express the outcomes.
Wutzke et al. [16] expressed the outcome measure only as costs per life year saved by preventing alcohol-related deaths, and did not include the initial costs of screening.
For another study that expressed the outcome as a median and range, the mean ± SD was estimated using the approach of Hozo et al.
[ 17] found that a temperature deviation from 38°C was a significant variable in the multivariable logistic regression model expressing the outcome of a colic case.
Three studies measuring hand disinfection events by electronic dispensers expressed the outcome as hand disinfections per patient-day [ 5, 6, 8].
However, combining potential effects of FA on female and male reproductive organs and expressing the outcome in females may not be biologically interpretable due to differences of the sexual organs and their functions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com