We calculated descriptive statistics and expressed outcomes in binary form.
This analysis has expressed outcomes as both LYs and QALYs.
Three studies expressed outcomes as means and medians without defining cutoff ages (21, 23, 30).
Cost-utility analysis includes costs of the interventions and outcomes, expressing outcomes in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).
Finally, one study expressed outcomes in terms of monetary units, by estimating the impact of correcting iron deficiencies on the productivity of agricultural workers [ 26].
We expressed outcomes as summary risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), using the Mantel–Haenszel method with a fixed effect model (R evM an software, Information Management System, Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Ideally, effective PtDAs express outcome probabilities in both visual and written form to communicate absolute risk or benefit clearly to patients (i.e., X people out of 100) [ 15].
Fig. 3 Possible solutions to express different outcomes in function of the percentage of a simulated task, i.e. gait cycle (a), or a certain knee flexion (b).
Accordingly, those who want to convince them must feel pressure to express the outcomes in abstract terms, and the goals in terms of what they are against, rather than what they are for.
The first is the difficulty to express complex outcomes through a single money measure.
