To test the hypothesis that novelty and reward both express contextual adaptive scaling, we conducted two fMRI studies in healthy young adults using an adaptive reward coding paradigm adapted from a study in nonhuman primates [Tobler et al., 2005].
In its original context within biological systems, Kashiwagi et al.[27] formulated a mathematical model of attractor selection to express an adaptive response system in the dynamics of gene expression in Escherichia coli cells.
This article illustrates how to express an adaptive intervention in control engineering terms, and how to use this framework in a computer simulation to investigate the anticipated impact of intervention design choices on efficacy.
Plants usually express differential adaptive strategies to drought stress.
gambiae complex in the four different landscape classes, could express different adaptive characteristics of these species.
Plants usually express differential adaptive strategies to drought stress, which may not be mutually exclusive but in practice are rarely combined within agronomically superior genotype (Ludlow 1989).
Indeed, only two of the three students from the advanced majors group who did use non-adaptive factors did so consistently and expressed an adaptive vs. non-adaptive model of reasoning about evolutionary change.
Finally, based on the first model, we performed a second-level ANOVA for both novelty and reward to identify common brain regions that expressed scaled adaptive coding of reward and scaled adaptive coding of novelty.
In the flow-cytometry measurements, we observed that each cell underwent a unidirectional shift in gene expression pattern toward the attractor expressing the adaptive enzyme in response to respective nutrient depletion (Figure 3A).
With practice, subjects adapt to such perturbations, forming motor memories that are expressed as adaptive changes in the motor commands to the arm.
