Exact(2)
Literature reviews covered all elements that compose the causal chain of the different environmental health issues from emissions to exposures, to effects and to health impacts.
This finding also highlights further difficulties in extrapolating from chemical effects derived from single chemical exposures to effects of the same chemical as part of a complex mixture, and especially when chemicals (such as estrogens) induce a wide range of biological effects.
Similar(58)
Health risk assessment requires fitting the level of exposure of food-borne contaminants to a mathematical function relating exposure to effects on health (Cronin et al. 1993).
The actual time-course from PM exposure to effects on cardiac measures has not been investigated systematically in a community-based sample.
The time course from PM exposure to effects on cardiac arrhythmia has not been investigated systematically in a middle-age community-dwelling sample of healthy nonsmokers.
Considering the long exposure-to-effect interval, in- and out migrations may have occurred, inducing a potential non-differential misclassification.
Therefore, the RQ is the ratio of exposure to effect.
Future research will yield evermore knowledge of the biology that links exposure to effect, and will reduce the uncertainties.
However, the unique developmental features of zebrafish have not been used in many studies for characterization of exposure to effect.
However, many questions about iAs still exist, and the recommendations listed below may aid in decreasing these uncertainties: Link biomarkers of arsenic exposure to effect.
In its simplest form the risk formulation may be a ratio (a risk quotient, RQ) of exposure to effect measurements (for instance, RQ = EEC/EC50).
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