He goes on to describe the concept of an 'exposome' which encompasses lifetime environmental exposure starting from prenatal period, and stresses the importance of even partial, targeted understanding of exposure, in addition to the genome, that could provide valuable advances.
In the current study, we scrutinized the somatic mutation spectra of 349 bladder cancer exomes to determine if they reveal evidence of AA exposure, starting with tumors from patients with known exposure and then extending the study to tumors from patients with unknown exposure.
Moreover, SPMA correlated well with personal exposure to benzene starting from low concentrations (Dor et al., 1999) and with urinary concentrations of benzene or other benzene metabolites (Boogaard & van Sittert, 1995; Melikian et al., 2002).
The cisplatin-resistant Detroit562 cell line was established by continuous stepwise exposure to cisplatin starting from a concentration of 1 μ M up to 10 μ M. Cells were exposed to 3 μ M cisplatin for 7 days.
This seems likely to result from increased hormone exposure, starting with earlier menarche, then augmented by contraception and years spent in reproductive cycles that would previously have been spent nursing babies.
With the commercialization of nanotechnology, exposure usually starts from the workplace and then spreads to environment and consumer exposure.
A further discussion concerns possible future risks due to exposure to engineered nanoparticles, starting from the monitoring of some nanotechnology laboratories.
In the specific context of occupational exposure assessment to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, toxicokinetic models have also been developed, which allow reconstruction of the amounts of an OP absorbed following an exposure episode in workers starting from cumulative amounts of urinary metabolites during specified time periods [ 8- 11].
Dividing the valley into 4 sub-areas reflected the expected gradient of exposure, and started from the most to the least exposed sub-area.
